Technology+Integration

** Chapter 10-Technology In Foreign and Second Language Instruction **
//TPACK in Second and Foreign Language Instruction // TPACK is technological pedagogical content knowledge. It is the perfect union of three knowledge domains: content, pedagogy, and technology to develop a knowledge base from which a teacher can view a lesson and understand how technology can enhance the learning opportunities and experiences for students while also knowing the correct pedagogy to enhance the learning of the content. In second and foreign language instruction, a teacher is incorporating the TPACK principles when he or she plans a lesson which is to not only consider content but also the pedagogy and technology needed for student achievement. Using technology in unison with the pedagogy and content is to assist students in experiencing an authentic environment. This means teachers may use an adventure learn ing approach in their classroom that gives students the o pportunity to discuss, share, and interact with students from cultures around the world. This goal is often challenging because grade-level content materials are usually above profi ciency levels of ESL students. Technology offers some helpful solutions to this problem. For example, a high school English language learner who has a low proficiency but much knowledge of current events make use of the  multimedia available on websites. Students can //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">look at //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">photos with short captions; listen to podcasts; and v <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">ideos on topics of their choice. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Teachers need to deliver instruction across a wide range of proficiency levels. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Technology can help the teacher differen­tiate instruction through software programs that assist in <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">tracking individual students and can offer ways for stu <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">dents to work independently on developing their reading, <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">writing, speaking, and listening skills. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Based on Cummins' <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis (1979), use of stu <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">dents’ native languages also serves to build students’ skills <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">their native languages, which in turn facilitates skills in <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">English. An additional benefit of using the students' native <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">languages to help them gain access to grade-level content is <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">that they come to see that their native languages are valued <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">as a resource at school. Technology can assist teachers in using the students' native languages even when the student speaks a less common native language. Ma <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">chine translation tools, when used ap <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">propriately, can be helpful to teachers and students. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Teachers can look up key content words in the students' native languages or translate some simple instructions on <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">a project. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 16pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">media type="custom" key="6017557"
 * //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 115%;">Common Problems //****//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 115%;">in ESL Teaching and Learning //**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">1. ****//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Developing academic language and background knowledge //**
 * //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">2. //****//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">Differentiating instruction //**
 * //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">3. //****//<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Integrating the students' native languages //**